What does it A value above .60 is commonly noted as adequate consistency (Mitchell and Jolley, 1999). 1990. “Where the boys are.” Youth & Society 29:166-196. 1991. This high participation rate is based on the entire sample of inmates who were selected to participate, even including those who did not want to come to the visiting room to have the study explained. Manhood in the making: cultural concepts of masculinity. Toughness, dominance, and the willingness to resort to violence to resolve interpersonal conflicts are central characteristics of masculine identity (Kersten, 1993; Messerschmidt, 1993; Anderson, 1994, Messner and Sabo, 1994). These sex roles were used to find out the various types and range of offenses committed by both male and female. W. 1987. Perhaps the most well known indicator of masculine success is that of occupational achievement, usually derived from monetary success (Archer, 1994:135). Ideally, to test a theory of structured action, fluid measures of masculinity would be utilized. one person could give anywhere from 1 to 20 events). “Competitiveness, risk taking, and violence: the young male syndrome.” Ethology and Sociobiology 6:59-73. Learn about our remote access options. “The Little Village Project: a community approach to the gang problem.” Social Work 42:456-470. Using the .05 level of statistical significance, three separate regression models were examined. T-tests showed statistical significance at the .05 level for this variable. Men are considered masculine if they can defend themselves. The more children a man has, the easier it is to prove his virility. Examinations of masculinity as it is constructed for men by political, class, and culture may lead to different results, than examinations of masculinity believed to be constructed by men (Carver, 1996). Consequently, any examination of male-on-male violence is incomplete, without unfolding the meaning and influence of masculine gender. In addition to the measurement of traditional reflections of masculinity, it is also important to gauge the base level of masculine personality traits that a man holds. Federal Bureau of Investigation. The life event, or life history, approach has been found to be beneficial for retrospective data collection. For instance, the number of past sexual partners could be another way to tap into masculine display. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. Lenney, Ellen. Manhood in America : a cultural history. Key differences in gender roles are highly likely to be important variables in the understanding of violence. It is also important to examine factors outside the realm of masculinity. Manley, James C. 1998. “Designing Out” Gang Homicides and Street Assaults. Confronting Crime: an American Challenge. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Although Messerschmidt (1993) only discussed men in his masculinity hypothesis, the appropriate and less appropriate outlets that women have to assert their gender may lead to a better conceptualization of Messerschmidt’s original idea. West, Candace and Don H. Zimmerman. London and New York: Routledge. The prevalence of fatal police shootings by U.S. police, 2015–2016: Patterns and answers from a new data set. Although high scores on the MMPPI-2 scales may indicate higher overall masculine traits, the scales were not formed to identify ultramasculine men. While men have traditionally been used as subjects in social science inquiry, theories relating directly to why men commit more crime have routinely focused on inherent characteristics of women (Hagedorn, 1998). There are several plausible reasons the masculinity and violence hypotheses failed. It is quite likely that stereotypical masculinity in 1943 is different than stereotypical masculinity in 2000. An overwhelming majority of this crime (83 % in 2000) is committed by males (UCR, 2001). Nine Lives: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and Violence: Westview Press. Specific patterns are learned through the socialization process that appropriately represent masculinity. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. There could be important contextual characteristics that would change the outcome of a given event. Current investigations of masculinity are commonly qualitative in nature and even then, rarely have masculinity as the main focus (Hearn and Morgan, 1990). New York: Cambridge University Press. Price and N. R. Sokoloff: McGraw-Hill. Until recently, there was little consideration given to the concept of masculinity as a tool for understanding men and criminal behaviour. The data were collected with structured, computer-aided interviews, which lasted from 30 minutes to six hours. THE MASCULINITY-FEMININITY HYPOTHESIS: A Consideration of Gender-based Personality Theories of Female Crime NAGAIRE NAFFIN * LL.B., Ph.D., Brighton, South Australia. Delinquency and Opportunity: a theory of delinquent gangs. MMPI & MMPI-2: interpretation manual for counselors and clinicians. If the MMPI-2 scales are not tapping into true masculine characteristics, that could account for the failure of masculinity as a significant variable in this examination. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press. Since Messerschmidt’s masculinity hypothesis in 1993, little empirical work has been conducted. 1995. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. Men’sLlives. 1995. 1966. Graham, John R. 2000. 1998. “The self-report methodology in crime researchers.” in Crime and Justice: a review of the research, vol. Anthropological and sociological examinations into masculinity have routinely examined issues of aggression, success, occupational achievement, honor, status, dominance, toughness, loyalty, respect, courage, and risk-taking (Herek, 1986; Miedzian, 1991; Messerschmidt, 1993; Gutmann, 1997; Wilkinson, 1998). Chivalry hypothesis: The idea that low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. They propose that younger gang members learn both legitimate and illegitimate behaviors from older male role models. Gender and Crime: Prentice Hall. Hagedorn, John M. 1998. The issue of masculinity and its link to criminal behavior in men has been identified in both past and present discussions of criminological thought. Freedom, CA : Crossing Press. 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